The Role of Short Peptides in the Nutritional and Metabolic Support of Athlete Training

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Short Peptides in the Nutritional and Metabolic Support of Athlete Training
Short Peptides of the Future

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As seen in Table 1, the primary application of mixtures containing short peptides is for recovery during and especially after physical exertion. This allows for a faster replenishment of the body’s energy reserves and reduces the time required for full recovery before the next training/competition cycle. Additionally, the peptide component helps reduce microdamage to skeletal muscles (EIMD) and the level of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). For glutathione, especially in combination with citrulline, it is advisable to include it in pre-workout complexes to enhance nitric oxide formation and reduce the oxygen demand during physical exertion. In positioning some sports nutrition products containing short peptides, there is a clear trend in expanding indications into the realm of clinical nutrition (Table 1).

Table 1. Examples of Some Sports Nutrition Products Containing Short Peptides Individually and as Part of Protein Hydrolysates

Product Name, Manufacturer	Content of Peptides and Manufacturer’s Product Positioning
PeptoPro® protein, DSM	Highly hydrolyzed casein containing peptides, of which 70–80% are di- and tripeptides with a size of < 300 Da. Sports drinks for recovery after intense workouts. Combined with carbohydrates and electrolytes. Included in the composition of various sports nutrition products.
Sustamine® (L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine), Kyowa Hakko	L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine dipeptide. Rehydration and ergogenic effects—enhancing muscle strength and endurance. Improved absorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients. Included in many combined sports nutrition products.
VW001 и VW002, Vitamin Well	Standard isotonic sports drinks (with and without carbohydrates) with the addition of L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine dipeptide and BCAAs for rehydration during and after physical exertion.
Setria® (Glutathione), Kyowa Hakko	Glutathione, a tripeptide composed of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine. Antioxidant stress protection. Increased nitric oxide (NO) production. Post-workout recovery. Included in the composition of various combined sports nutrition products.
Setria® Performance Blend, Kyowa Hakko	A combination of glutathione and L-Citrulline. Pre-workout and recovery complex that enhances NO production, widens muscle blood vessels, and delays the onset of fatigue.
StimoVEX™, MLAB™	A combination of Setria® Performance Blend, Kyowa Hakko + beta-alanine + A-GPC (neurostimulator) + beetroot powder (NO donor) + caffeine + arginine + yohimbine + hordenine. Pre-workout complex to be taken 15–30 minutes before exercise.
MaxQ Nutrition®	Chelated magnesium dipeptide glycyl-L-glutamine. Combined with amino acids (complex): BCAAs, glutamine, taurine, threonine, lysine, phenylalanine, histidine. Used for recovery in the post-workout period. Included in the composition of several combined sports nutrition products.
EFS-PRO™, First Endurance	A combination of L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine + BCAAs + L-Glutamine + carbohydrate blend (dextrin, maltodextrin, sucrose, glucose) + electrolytes. A dry mixture for preparing an isotonic sports drink for various indications typical of isotonic beverages.
T.A.G. — Trans Alanyl Glutamine 100%, Metabolic Nutrition	Pure dipeptide L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine at 10 g per serving. Used for preparing a beverage at all stages of workouts (before, during, and after) for athletes of all levels. Enhances macronutrient, water, and electrolyte absorption and speeds up recovery, providing an ergogenic effect.
Max Gluta-Matrix Max Muscle™, Max Muscle Sports Nutrition	A combination of three sources of L-Glutamine: dipeptide L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine, acetyl-L-Glutamine (NAG), and L-Glutamine. Used to prepare a liquid mixture along with proteins or a post-workout drink for better protein absorption and recovery.
GlutagenX, PureLine Nutrition	Recovery formula for after workouts and competitions: L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine + magnesium glycyl-L-glutamine chelate + L-Glutamine. Used for recovery after exercise and muscle growth in sports. In clinical settings, it’s used for recovery after illnesses (rehabilitation), burns, injuries, infectious diseases, etc.
Notes:	EN – electrolyte drink; IEN – carbohydrate-electrolyte isotonic drink.

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